People suffer heat-related illness when the body’s
temperature control system is overloaded. The body normally cools itself by
sweating. But under some conditions, sweating just isn’t enough. In such cases,
a person’s body temperature rises rapidly. Very high body temperatures may
damage the brain or other vital organs. Several factors affect the body’s
ability to cool itself during extremely hot weather. When the humidity is high,
sweat will not evaporate as quickly, preventing the body from releasing heat
quickly.
Remember to keep cool and use common sense. Drink plenty
of fluid, replace salts and minerals, wear appropriate clothing and sunscreen,
pace yourself, schedule outdoor activities carefully, and adjust to the
environment.
During hot weather you will need to drink more liquid than your thirst
indicates. Increase your fluid intake, regardless of your activity level.
During heavy exercise in a hot environment, drink two to four glasses (16-32
ounces) of cool fluids each hour.
Heat stroke is the most serious heat-related illness. It
occurs when the body becomes unable to control its temperature: the body’s
temperature rises rapidly, the sweating mechanism fails, and the body is unable
to cool down. Body temperature may rise to 106°F or higher within 10 to 15
minutes. Heat stroke can cause death or permanent disability if emergency
treatment is not provided.
Warning signs of heat stroke vary but may include the following:
If you see any of these signs, you may be dealing with a
life-threatening emergency. Have someone call for immediate medical assistance
while you begin cooling the victim. Do the following:
Heat exhaustion is a milder form of heat-related illness
that can develop after several days of exposure to high temperatures and
inadequate or unbalanced replacement of fluids. Those most prone to heat
exhaustion are those working or exercising in a hot environment.
The warning signs of heat exhaustion include the
following:
The skin may be cool and moist. The pulse rate will be
fast and weak, and breathing will be fast and shallow. If heat exhaustion is
untreated, it may progress to heat stroke. See medical attention if symptoms
worsen or last longer than one hour.
How to treat:
Heat cramps are muscle pains or spasms – usually in the
abdomen, arms, or legs – that may occur in association with strenuous activity.
People who sweat a lot during strenuous activity are prone to heat cramps. This
sweating depletes the body’s salt and moisture. The low salt level in the
muscles causes painful cramps. Heat cramps may also be a symptom of heat
exhaustion.
If medical attention is not necessary, take the
following steps: